Source: Issues & Insights.
When I think of the deep state I tend to think of the intelligence community, but the term can just as plausibly refer to the civil service or more broadly to the bureaucratic infrastructures of government.
The brief essay at the source makes the point that, “The Pendleton Act [which created the modern civil service system] was conceived by reformers who disliked politics because they distrusted democracy.” I’m sure there was more to it than that, but the claim raises interesting questions. For example, if one’s aim is to preserve democracy, isn’t it necessary for government to remain small?
A corollary question: Wasn’t the spoils system that existed prior to the civil service more democratic in its way than the system which replaced it?